State of Matter

State of matter

Matter is found in 3 different states: 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas. liquids and gases are called fluids because of their ability to flow because their particles are free to move. the variation of the matter is due to characteristics of the particles of matter.

There are 2 more states of matter 1. Plasma 2. Bose-Einstein Condensate:

1. Plama: super energetic and super excited particles, in the form of ionized gases. Fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma. In neon sign bulb there is neon gas and inside a fluorescent tube there is helium gas or some other gas. When electricity flow the gas get ionized, this create glow in tube or bulb. Plasma is found in sun and start, with plasma the star and sun glow. Plasma is super hot.

2. bose-Einstein condensate=In 1920 Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose had done some calculations for a fifth state of matter. Building on his calculations, Albert Einstein predicted a new state of matter – the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).the gases are cooled to very low temperature near the absolute zero.it is opposite of plasma.

Solid

Particles in solids have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. Their intermolecular forces is very strong so that they cling to one another and occupy fixed positions they can still oscillate about their mean

Positions and their thermal energy (this heat is generated from the movement of particles) is low. They are incompressible and rigid. Solids can be classified as crystalline and amorphous on the basis of the arrangement of their particles.

Crystalline solid: A crystalline solid consists of large number of small crystals each of them has a definite geometrical shape. All the particles (atoms, molecule, and ions) are in a particular order, and this pattern is repeated over the entire solid.eg. Sodium chloride, quartz, diamond, sugar etc. have a sharp melting point. they split into two pieces and the newly generated surfaces are plain and smooth. true solid. They are Anisotropic (physical properties are different when measured from different directions)

Amorphous solid: amorphos mean “no form”. The shape of their particles is irregular. The same repeating pattern is observed for short distant.eg. Glass, rubber and plastics. Melting point is very less. They cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces. They are pseudo solids or super cooled liquids. Glass panes fixed to windows or doors of old buildings are invariably found to be slightly thicker at the bottom than at the top, This is because the glass flows down very slowly and makes the bottom portion slightly thicker. They are Isotropic (due to irregular shape physical properties are same to all sides).Amorphous silicon is one of the best photovoltaic materials available for conversion of sunlight into electricity.

Liquid

Liquid has no fixed shape. It flow and change shape so it is not rigid but it is fluid. The force of attraction between liquid particle is weaker than solid particles but stronger than air. The particle move freely.

Pascal’s law: This law is given by blaise Pascal. The pressure of liquid in equilibrium is equal at every point. Hydraulic lift, Hydraulic press or Brahma press, etc. work on the Pascal’s law.

Buoyancy: An upward force of fluid. Whenever an object is placed in water, an upward force is experienced by that object. This force is known as buoyancy, buoyancy and up thrust.

Archimedes Principle: when a body partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it loses some of its weight which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

Law of Floatation: the body in fluid floats if the weight of fluid replaced by body immersed in fluid is equal or greater than the body.

Applications:

A wooden block or a big ship can float but an iron pin sinks in water because the weight of water displaced by wooden block or ship is greater or equal to their respective weight, where the weight of water displaced by pin is less.

Initially, a balloon filled with helium gas rises in the air because the weight of the air displaced by the balloon is greater than the weight of the balloon. As it goes up, the weight of air displaced decreases due to decrease in the density of air and hence, the balloon halts at a height where the weight of air displaced by the balloon becomes equal to the weight of the balloon.

Gaseous state

The force of attraction of particles is very low. Particle move freely. Gas is most compressible matter. Liquid in gaseous state called water vapours.

Change of state of matter

On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particle increase, due to this the particles start vibrating with more speed. The heat energy is converting into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy overcomes the force of attraction between particles. So the particle move from their position and moving more freely. So a stage is reached when a matter change its state.

The heat convert solid ice into liquid without showing any temperature increase. It is considered that the heat is hidden in the content of bicker is known as latent(hidden) heat.the heat needed to convert 1 kg of solid in liquid at its melting point known as latent heat of fusion.

When water vapour comes in the content of any cold thing, they lost their kinetic energy and become liquid. This is known as condensation.

 The temperature where a solid melt and become liquid is known as its melting point. The melting of solid into liquid is also known as fusion. The melting point of ice is 273.16k or 0°C.

Boiling point of a liquid is that where a liquid start evaporation or become gas. Water’s boiling point is 100 °C.

There also a situation where solid directly converted into gas and vice versa.solid carbon dioxide can converted directly from solid to gas. Solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice.