● 1893-1915 Gandhi was in South Africa
● His organization was natal Indian Congress in South Africa
● He fights for discrimination against Indian there.
● Journal: Indian opinion
● In 1915 he comes back to India
● Gandhi's movement was
○ Non-cooperation movement
○ Civil disobedience movement
○ Quit Indian movement
● Non-cooperation movement
○ Against: Rowlett act, jallianwala bagh massacre 1919, Khilafat movement 1919-1920.
○ Its time duration is 1920-1922.
○ The boycott of British educational institute, goods especially textile
○ The boycott of titles: Gandhi gave back his title ‘kaiser-i-hind’(given in 1915), Surender Nath Tagore his title knighthood
○ Boycott of court
○ On 5 Feb 1922 chauri-chaura in Gorakhpur district of up. A crowd fire police station and all policeman burnt, then Gandhi suspended the non-cooperative movement.
○ In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested(released in 1924) for spreading disaffection against the govt by his weekly newspaper ‘Young India’
Development between 1922-1930
Swaraj party formation
Simon commission 1927
Nehru report 1928
● Swaraj party
○ announced on 1922 in Gaya session president and founder C.R.Das, come into force in 1923.
● Rowlatt act
○ Full name is Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919
○ Founded in 1919 by Britisher
○ With this act, the police can arrest a person without presenting in the court. it gave police extreme power
● Jallianwala Bagh massacre
○ This meeting was a protest against the arrest of two people under Rowlett act on 13 Apr 1919.
○ Two people are dr Satya pal and Saif-ud-din kitchlu
○ The governor-general of India was Lord Montague Chelmsford
○ Governor of Punjab Michael O'Dwyer imposed martial law mean no public meetings
○ In 1940 Michael O’Dwyer was killed by Udham Singh Sarabha in London. When the name is asked from UdhamSinghh he said his name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad.
● Govt of India act 1919
○ Montague Chelmsford reforms
○ Dyarchy(dual govt) was introduced
● Simon commission
○ Come in 1927, it is a 7 member committee headed by Sir John Simon
○ This report is going to decide the entire future of India
○ Congress declares it as white men commission because no Indian is included in this commission.
○ On Madras session of Congress, president M.A. Ansari in 1927 passed resolution-Simon boycott resolution
○ In Lahore Lala Lajpat Rai was the leader against Simon commission, in 1928 lala was died because of injuries.
○ Muslim league has split of thoughts, Jinnah against Simon commission but Muhammad Sufi was with Simon commision.
○ It submits its report on may 1930
Roundtable conference
The conference is help for discussion of constitutional reform in Indian in the report of Simon commission.3 roundtable conferences are held in 1930-1932. The governor general was Lord Irwin and conference headed by Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald
● First roundtable conference
○ Nov 1930 -Jan 1931
○ Most of the Congress leaders were absent because they were in jail because of boycott British.
○ The concept of All India Federation was supported. Dr. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the Untouchables.
○ PM of Britain unhappy with the absence of Congress leader so this conference was canceled
● Second round table conference 1931
○ Lord Irwin confess Gandhi to attend the conference, Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed 1931 and Gandhi accept the to attend the conference
○ Gandhi suspends his civil disobedience movement(it was started with Dandi March or salt satyagraha 1930).
○ Ambedkar demand for separate electoral for Dalit, everyone supported it but Gandhi not. So Gandhi again boycotts conference and again call to civil disobedience movement.gandhi was put in yerwada prison in Pune.
○ Churchill called Gandhi half-naked fakir.
● Third round table conference
○ In 1932
Nehru report 1928
● The revival of Simon commission report
● President was Moti Lal Nehru
Lahore session of Congress 1929
● President was Jawaharlal Nehru
● Sampurna swaraj was resolution was passed
● Congress official declare that objective was complete independence
● 26 January 1930 declared independence day by Congress
● 31 dec 1929 first time Congress party hosted the national flag on the bank of the river in Lahore publically
● The boycott of the roundtable conference
● Civil disobedience resolution was passed
Civil disobedience movement
● Proposed by Henry David Thoreau.according to this concept the civilian have right to beak or disobey the reactionary civil law’s made by the govt.
● 1930-31 and 1932-1933
● Salt Satyagraha was launched from Sabarmati ashram(residence of Gandhi) against the salt law. The walk starts from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat.
● Sarojini Naidu led in Orissa cost at dharna here she got his title The Nightingale of India.
● The second phase of civil disobedience launched after 2 roundtable conference but not succeed.
Individual Satyagraha 1940-1941
● Started first by Vinoba Bhave and second by Jawaharlal Nehru
● Against the restriction on Indian press
● Satyagrahi walk to Delhi from their respective places
Quite India movement 1942
● Gandhi said “do or die”
● Launched in Bombay session 1942 during the second world war. President was Abdul Kalam Azad
● Also known as august movement
Azad hind fouj
Created by captain Mohan Singh in Singapore in 1942
In second world war 42000 soldiers imprisoned by Japan, Mohan Singh advised Japan to release soldier and they fought against British, Japan agreed.
Subash Chander bose
● 1919 ICS officer
● He resigned in 1920 and joined Congress
● 1938 Haripura congress session president against he the wish of Gandhi. Ghadhi wish to elect Pattabhi Sitaramayya
● In 1940 he was arrested and in 1941 he escaped India and never return
● He gave slogan jai hind and Dilli Chalo.
● Start Azad hind radio
● book: the Indian struggle
● He became the leader of Azad hind fouj in 1943.
● 1945 plane take off from Bangkok to Tokyo but the plane does not reach Tokyo. Japan govt made an announcement that the plane had crashed in Taiwan
Freedom and partition of India
● In 1940 Lahore session of Muslim league declared its goal i.e partition of India
● 4 planes are formed
○ C.r formula 1944
○ Wavell plan 1945
○ Cabinet mission plan 1946
○ Mountbatten plan 1947
● C.R formula
○ Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
○ He left Congress against quit India movement
○ His party was Swatantra party
○ This formula’s motive was two political parties shall launch united struggle against British. After the transfer of power, Pakistan shall be given to Muslim. And northeast and north-west state where Hindu and Muslim population was equally solved by taking plebiscite(direct vote). but the zinna wants to include only Muslim in plebiscite. so this plan was failed.
● Wavell plane 1945
○ Wavell was governor general
○ He aimed to transfer more power to Indians. out of 14 members of the executive council, 13 are Indian remaining 1 is in charge.
○ Out of 13, 6 must be Muslim
○ Zinna wanted that 6 members are only from Muslim league party
○ Gandhi rejected this concept and zinna boycott the meeting
● Cabinet mission plan: 1946
○ Composed of 3 ministers of England Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, Alexander, (the First Lord of the Admiralty)
○ It rejected the partition India
○ Muslim league rejects the bill on August 16, 1946, was fixed as “Direct Action Day“. either divide India or destroy India.
○ 6000 muslim and Hindu killed in Calcutta on direct action day.
● Mountbatten plan: 1947
○ Also called 3rd June plan
○ Atlee’s declaration 20 Feb 1947= British would quit India after transferring the power into responsible hands not later than June 1948
○ Congress accept the partition of Pakistan
○ British shall be divided into two countries Indian union, Pakistan
○ The 563 princely state are free to either join india or Pakistan or they can make their own independent state.
○ The line between India and Pakistan = Redcliff line
○ Indian independence act 1947
○ J. B. Kripalani was the president of INC while transfer of power.
No comments:
Post a Comment