Answer1

Todarmal is associated with the revenue system known as

(A) Nasaq
(B) Ghalla Bakshi
(C) Kankut
(D) Zabti

Ans: - (D) Zabti Or Zabt

Answer3

Humayun lost the Mughal Empire to Sher Shah Suri finally In the battle of

(A) Kannauj
(B) Chunar
(C) Chausa
(D) Ghagra

Ans: - (A) Kannauj

Answer2

Who proposed the Preamble before the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?

(A) Mahatma Gandhi
(B) B.N. Rao
(C) B.R. Ambedkar
(D) Jawaharlal Nehru

Ans: - (C) B.R. Ambedkar

Abbreviations

3MMA: 3 Month Moving Average
AAY: Antyodaya Anna Yojana
ARM: Additional Resource Mobilization
ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations
ASER: Annual Status of Education Report
AT&C: Aggregate Technical and Commercial
BCM: Billion Cubic Meter
BE: Budget Estimates
BPCL: Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
CAA&A: Controller of Aid Accounts and Audit

How to prepare for PPSC Cooperative society Inspector Exam

How to prepare for PPSC Cooperative society Inspector Exam

The syllabus of the exam is 

1. Logical Reasoning and Mental ability, 100 Questions, 2 Marks each, Total Marks 200.

2. General Knowledge, Current Affairs and History, 70 Questions, 2 Marks each, Total marks 140

Total marks are 340...

Let's Talk about Reasoning...

The syllabus mentioned on the official site is.

Logical reasoning, Verbal Reasoning, and Non-verbal reasoning...

For Logical reasoning read M.K. Pandey book of BSC.

For Verbal and Non-Verbal reasoning read RS Aggarwal reasoning Book...

Circulatory System

There are four parts circulatory system: - Heart, blood, arteries, and veins.

1. Blood:

Blood is the fluid which flows in blood vessels. It transports substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. It also transports waste for removal from the body. Blood is a liquid, which has cells of various kinds. The fluid part of the blood is called plasma.

Blood contains two types of cell 1) RBC (red blood cells) 2) WBC (white blood cells).

RBC:-

It is also called erythrocytes. Its red color is due to a red pigment called hemoglobin. RBCs are formed in the bone marrow in the adults. The average lifespan of 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen (graveyard of RBCs) and liver. Hemoglobin contains iron, iron is responsible for transporting the oxygen from lung to the whole body. They don’t have nucleus except- camel and lama. Anemia disease is caused due to the deficiency of hemoglobin. RBC reduce 5% while sleeping and increased 30% while on the height of 4200 meters.

WBC:-

It is also called Leucocytes. fight against germs that may enter our body. Lifespan is 1-2 days. The nucleus is present.ratio of RBC to WBC is 600:1. There Are two different type of white blood cell:

●Granulocytes have visible granules or grains inside the cells that have different cell functions. Types of granulocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils.

●Agranulocytes are free of visible grains under the microscope and include lymphocytes and monocytes.

  1. monocytes= the largest of the types of white blood cells. Monocytes turn into macrophages when they exit the bloodstream.do the job of phagocytosis (cell-eating) of any type of dead cell in the body, whether it is a somatic cell or a dead neutrophil. When there is tissue damage or infection macrophages provide the first line of defense in protecting the host from infection.

  2. Lymphocytes= smallest type of WBC. have a large nucleus within a small amount of cytoplasm.B lymphocytes(called because they develop in bone marrow) make antibodies, T lymphocytes cell((so-called because they develop in a small organ called the thymus gland)response by recognizing the presence of a foreign antigen and then stimulating antibody production and natural killer cell(NK cell) kill the cell which is virus infected it has Cytotoxic .

  3. Neutrophils=most abundant WBC. they defense against bacteria and fungus.they are first to defense against infections.they are also known as Polymorphonuclear (PMN).

  4. Eosinophils= They are second least among all WBC nearly 2-4% of total WBC. They defend from allergies and worm infestations by realizing toxic.

  5. Basophil= they are the least cell among all WBC cell, contain histamine for inflammatory responses. Histamine is responsible for widening blood vessels and increasing the flow of blood to the injured tissue.

Platelets:-

These cell clot the blood when we injured. There is no nucleus. Forms in bone marrow. lifespan is 3-5 days. They die in the spleen.

ABO Blood group:-

The difference blood of a human is due to glycol protein (antigen) found in RBC. The antigen is of two types- Antigen A and Antigen B.

An opposite type of protein found in plasma called antibody. They are of two types of antibody ‘a’ and antibody ‘b’.

The same antibody and antigen cannot live together. If same antigen and antibody mix together, they spoil blood, it is called agglutination of blood.

Blood Group	Antigens on RBCs	Antibodies in Plasma	Donor’s Group
A	A	Anti-B	A, O
B	B	Anti-A	B, O
AB	A, B	Nill	AB, A, B, O
O	Nill	Anti-A, B	O

Blood ‘O’ is called universal donor because it does not have any antigen. Blood ‘AB’ is called universal receiver because it does not have any antibody.

Rh factor— Another antigen Rh antigen. Found on the surface of RBC, who has Rh antigen called Rh positive and Rh negative respectively. It was discovered in the Rhesus monkeys.

2. Blood vessels: -

There are two types of blood vessels.1) Arteries 2) Veins.

Arteries: -  Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Arteries have thick elastic walls.

Veins: -  Veins are the vessels which carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from all parts of the body back to the heart. The veins have thin walls. There are valves present in veins which allow blood to flow only towards the heart.

Capillaries:

Arteries and veins divide into smaller vessels. On reaching the tissues, they divide further into extremely thin tubes called capillaries. The capillaries join up to form veins which empty into the heart.

There is an exception in vein and arteries.

Pulmonary artery: carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from heart to lung.

Pulmonary vein: carry oxygen-rich blood from lung to heart.

3. Heart:-

The heart is an organ which beats continuously to act as a pump for the transport of blood, which carries other substances with it. Situated in the Thoracic cavity or chest cavity in between the two lungs, slightly tilted to the left. It is protected by a double-walled membranous bag called pericardium. the heart has four chambers. The two small upper chambers are called the atria (singular: atrium) and the two larger lower chambers ventricles. There is a valve in each chamber, they direct the blood in the heart. A thin, muscular wall called the interatrial septum separates the right and the left atria and thick-walled, the inter-ventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles. A doctor uses the stethoscope to listen to the heartbeats.

Gandhian Era

●     1893-1915 Gandhi was in South Africa

●     His organization was natal Indian Congress in South Africa

●     He fights for discrimination against Indian there.

●     Journal: Indian opinion

●     In 1915 he comes back to India

●     Gandhi's movement was

○     Non-cooperation movement

○     Civil disobedience movement

○     Quit Indian movement

●    Non-cooperation movement

○     Against: Rowlett act, jallianwala bagh massacre 1919, Khilafat movement 1919-1920.

○     Its time duration is 1920-1922.

○     The boycott of British educational institute, goods especially textile

○     The boycott of titles: Gandhi gave back his title ‘kaiser-i-hind’(given in 1915), Surender Nath Tagore his title knighthood

○     Boycott of court

○     On 5 Feb 1922 chauri-chaura in Gorakhpur district of up. A crowd fire police station and all policeman burnt, then Gandhi suspended the non-cooperative movement.

○     In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested(released in 1924) for spreading disaffection against the govt by his weekly newspaper ‘Young India’

Development between 1922-1930

Swaraj party formation

Simon commission 1927

Nehru report 1928

●     Swaraj party

○     announced on 1922 in Gaya session president and founder C.R.Das, come into force in 1923.

●     Rowlatt act

○     Full name is Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919

○     Founded in 1919 by Britisher

○     With this act, the police can arrest a person without presenting in the court. it gave police extreme power

●     Jallianwala Bagh massacre

○     This meeting was a protest against the arrest of two people under Rowlett act on 13 Apr 1919.

○     Two people are dr Satya pal and Saif-ud-din kitchlu

○     The governor-general of India was Lord Montague Chelmsford

○     Governor of Punjab Michael O'Dwyer imposed martial law mean no public meetings

○     In 1940 Michael O’Dwyer was killed by Udham Singh Sarabha in London. When the name is asked from UdhamSinghh he said his name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad.

●     Govt of India act 1919

○     Montague Chelmsford reforms

○     Dyarchy(dual govt) was introduced

●     Simon commission

○     Come in 1927, it is a 7 member committee headed by Sir John Simon

○     This report is going to decide the entire future of India

○     Congress declares it as white men commission because no Indian is included in this commission.

○     On Madras session of Congress, president M.A. Ansari in 1927 passed resolution-Simon boycott resolution

○     In Lahore Lala Lajpat Rai was the leader against Simon commission, in 1928 lala was died because of injuries.

○     Muslim league has split of thoughts, Jinnah against Simon commission but Muhammad Sufi was with Simon commision.

○     It submits its report on may 1930

Roundtable conference

The conference is help for discussion of constitutional reform in Indian in the report of Simon commission.3 roundtable conferences are held in 1930-1932. The governor general was Lord Irwin and conference headed by Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald

●     First roundtable conference

○     Nov 1930 -Jan 1931

○     Most of the Congress leaders were absent because they were in jail because of boycott British.

○     The concept of All India Federation was supported. Dr. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for the Untouchables.

○     PM of Britain unhappy with the absence of Congress leader so this conference was canceled

●     Second round table conference 1931

○     Lord Irwin confess Gandhi to attend the conference, Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed 1931 and Gandhi accept the to attend the conference

○     Gandhi suspends his civil disobedience movement(it was started with Dandi March or salt satyagraha 1930).

○      Ambedkar demand for separate electoral for Dalit, everyone supported it but Gandhi not. So Gandhi again boycotts conference and again call to civil disobedience movement.gandhi was put in yerwada prison in Pune.

○     Churchill called Gandhi half-naked fakir.

●     Third round table conference

○     In 1932

Nehru report 1928

●     The revival of Simon commission report

●     President was Moti Lal Nehru

Lahore session of Congress 1929

●     President was Jawaharlal Nehru

●     Sampurna swaraj was resolution was passed

●     Congress official declare that objective was complete independence

●     26 January 1930 declared independence day by Congress

●     31 dec 1929 first time Congress party hosted the national flag on the bank of the river in Lahore publically

●     The boycott of the roundtable conference

●     Civil disobedience resolution was passed

Civil disobedience movement

●     Proposed by Henry David Thoreau.according to this concept the civilian have right to beak or disobey the reactionary civil law’s made by the govt.

●     1930-31 and 1932-1933

●     Salt Satyagraha was launched from Sabarmati ashram(residence of Gandhi) against the salt law. The walk starts from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat.

●     Sarojini Naidu led in Orissa cost at dharna here she got his title The Nightingale of India.

●     The second phase of civil disobedience launched after 2 roundtable conference but not succeed.

Individual Satyagraha 1940-1941

●     Started first by Vinoba Bhave and second by Jawaharlal Nehru

●     Against the restriction on Indian press

●     Satyagrahi walk to Delhi from their respective places

Quite India movement 1942 

●     Gandhi said “do or die”

●     Launched in Bombay session 1942 during the second world war. President was Abdul Kalam Azad

●     Also known as august movement

Azad hind fouj

 Created by captain Mohan Singh in Singapore in 1942

In second world war 42000 soldiers imprisoned by Japan, Mohan Singh advised Japan to release soldier and they fought against British, Japan agreed.

Subash Chander bose

●     1919 ICS officer

●     He resigned  in 1920 and joined Congress

●     1938 Haripura congress session president against he the wish of Gandhi. Ghadhi wish to elect Pattabhi Sitaramayya

●     In 1940 he was arrested and in 1941 he escaped India and never return

●     He gave slogan jai hind and Dilli Chalo.

●     Start Azad hind radio

●     book: the Indian struggle

●     He became the leader of Azad hind fouj in 1943.

●     1945 plane take off from Bangkok to Tokyo but the plane does not reach Tokyo. Japan govt made an announcement that the plane had crashed in Taiwan

Freedom and partition of India

●     In 1940 Lahore session of Muslim league declared its goal i.e partition of India

●     4 planes are formed

○     C.r formula 1944

○     Wavell plan 1945

○     Cabinet mission plan 1946

○     Mountbatten plan 1947

●     C.R formula

○     Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari

○     He left Congress against quit India movement

○     His party was Swatantra party

○     This formula’s motive was two political parties shall launch united struggle against British. After the transfer of power, Pakistan shall be given to Muslim. And northeast and north-west state where Hindu and Muslim population was equally solved by taking plebiscite(direct vote). but the zinna wants to include only Muslim in plebiscite. so this plan was failed.

●     Wavell plane 1945

○     Wavell was governor general

○     He aimed to transfer more power to Indians. out of 14 members of the executive council, 13 are Indian remaining 1 is in charge.

○     Out of 13, 6 must be Muslim

○     Zinna wanted that 6 members are only from Muslim league party

○     Gandhi rejected this concept and zinna boycott the meeting

●     Cabinet mission plan: 1946

○     Composed of 3 ministers of England Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, Alexander, (the First Lord of the Admiralty)

○     It rejected the partition India

○     Muslim league rejects the bill on August 16, 1946, was fixed as “Direct Action Day“. either divide India or destroy India.

○     6000 muslim and Hindu killed in Calcutta on direct action day.

●     Mountbatten plan: 1947

○     Also called 3rd June plan

○     Atlee’s declaration 20 Feb 1947= British would quit India after transferring the power into responsible hands not later than June 1948

○     Congress accept the partition of Pakistan

○     British shall be divided into two countries Indian union, Pakistan

○     The 563 princely state are free to either join india or Pakistan or they can make their own independent state.

○     The line between India and Pakistan = Redcliff line

○     Indian independence act 1947

○     J. B. Kripalani was the president of INC while transfer of power.